Microscopy Techniques

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) operates by employing a sharp probe tip attached to a flexible cantilever arm. As the probe tip is scanned across the sample surface, forces between the tip and the surface cause deflections in the cantilever arm. These deflections are detected by reflecting a laser beam off the back of the cantilever and onto a position-sensitive photodetector. Variations in the laser’s position on the detector correspond to cantilever bending, allowing topographic features of the sample to be precisely mapped.

Distinct imaging modes govern the nature of the tip-sample interactions. In contact mode, the tip makes direct physical contact with the surface, tracing topography based on repulsive forces. Non-contact mode utilizes attractive van der Waals forces to oscillate the cantilever near the surface without touching. Tapping mode oscillates the tip to intermittently tap the surface, reducing lateral forces while still enabling high-resolution imaging.

Regardless of mode, AFM instruments employ sophisticated feedback systems to maintain a constant tip-sample interaction by adjusting the position of the probe or sample. As the tip rasters across the surface line-by-line, the required movement to maintain the setpoint interaction is recorded, reconstructing a three-dimensional topographic map revealing features down to the atomic scale. This exquisite resolution arises from the precise force detection capabilities afforded by the laser-cantilever system.

AFM is employed to characterize surface topography and measure features at the nanoscale, essential for inspecting semiconductor structures and devices. It provides high-resolution imaging and precise measurements critical for quality control and process development in semiconductor manufacturing.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is used for imaging and manipulating nanoscale structures with high resolution, aiding in the development and characterization of nanomaterials and devices. It enables precise measurement of mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, crucial for advancing applications in sensors, electronics, and biomedical technologies.

AFM is utilized to investigate surface morphology, mechanical properties, and interactions at the nanoscale, enhancing understanding of material behavior and performance. It enables detailed analysis of thin films, polymers, and biomaterials, supporting advancements in diverse fields including coatings, composites, and biomedical materials.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is used to study biological structures such as proteins, DNA, and cells at nanometer resolution, providing insights into their morphology, mechanics, and interactions. It facilitates research in biomolecular recognition, drug delivery mechanisms, and cellular biomechanics, contributing to advancements in medicine and biotechnology.

AFM is crucial for investigating the morphology and properties of materials like perovskites and thin films used in solar cells and energy storage devices. It aids in optimizing material efficiency and understanding degradation mechanisms for enhanced energy conversion and storage capabilities.

AFM is utilized for precise characterization of semiconductor surfaces and nanostructures, crucial for developing high-performance transistors and integrated circuits. It enables detailed analysis of surface morphology, defects, and electrical properties, supporting advancements in device miniaturization and reliability.

AFM is used in coatings and thin films to study surface roughness, morphology, and mechanical properties at the nanoscale, ensuring quality control and optimizing performance in applications ranging from optics to protective coatings. It provides insights into film thickness, adhesion, and defect analysis, crucial for developing durable and functional thin film materials.

• High spatial resolution: AFM can achieve atomic-scale resolution, enabling the visualization of individual atoms and molecules.
• Versatility: AFM can operate in various environments, including air, liquids, and vacuum, allowing the study of a wide range of samples.
• Non-destructive: AFM is a non-destructive technique, preserving the sample integrity for further analysis or processing.
• Quantitative measurements: AFM can provide quantitative information on surface topography, roughness, and material properties.
• Multi-functional capabilities: In addition to imaging, AFM can be used for various advanced techniques, such as force spectroscopy, nanolithography, and nanomanipulation.

• Sample size: Typically, small samples (a few millimeters to centimeters in size) are suitable for AFM analysis.
• Sample preparation: Depending on the sample type and imaging mode, sample preparation may involve cleaning, drying, or surface modification techniques.
• Surface characteristics: AFM is suitable for imaging both conductive and non-conductive samples, as well as hard and soft materials.