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X-Ray fluorescence
Types of Techniques
- Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)
- UV-Vis spectroscopy
- X-Ray fluorescence (XRF)
- Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
- Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (TRPL)
- X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
- Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (AFS)
- Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Tof-SIMS)
- Spectrophotometer
- Mössbauer Spectroscopy
- ultra violet photoelectron spectroscopy
- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
- Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry
- X-ray Reflectivity (XRR)
- Total Reflection-TXRF
- Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS)
- Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)
- ToF Elestic Recoil Detection
- Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
X-Ray fluorescence (XRF)
XRF is a quick and non-destructive analytical technique used for the determination and quantification of chemical composition. This technique is suitable for the analysis of loose powders, pressed powder pellets, fused glass beads, liquids or solids. In this study, the X-ray beam is incident to the sample to evaluate the compositional information. The interaction between the incident X-ray and the sample produces the characteristic X-rays, which are used to determine the chemical composition. XRF can study the elements present in the periodic table between B to U. Trace level elemental analysis can be done for both conductive and non-conductive samples.
Principle
Applications
Advantages
Sample Requirement
Principle
The working of the XRF technique is based on the interaction of X-Rays and the matter. Initially the XRF instrument generates a beam of high-energy X-Rays from an X-Ray tube, which depends on the target material within the tube. These X-Rays bombarded the sample. X-Rays having energy higher than the ionization energy of an inner electron shell, eject an electron from the inner electron shell of an atom within the sample. To fill the vacancy created, electrons form the outer shell transitions down to the inner shell. This transition releases energy in the form of a characteristic X-ray. The fluorescent X-Ray has as specific energy to the element that emitted it. The energy and intensity of these fluorescent X-rays are measured by the XRF spectrometer. If the sample contains more than one element, then by using a Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometer (WDS) the complex X-ray spectrum can be separated into specific wavelengths of the individual elements. By analysing and comparing the obtained spectrums to a standard data sets, the elements can be identified.
Applications
Geochemistry & Mining:
- Identifying minerals in rock cores and drill cuttings
- Analysing the elemental composition of ores for exploration and mining
- Determining the elemental fingerprint of geological formations
- Ensuring quality control in metal alloys by measuring their elemental composition
- Analysing coatings and surface treatments for elemental verification
- Identifying impurities and defects in materials using XRF analysis
- Monitoring heavy metal contamination in soil and sediment samples
- Analysing air filters to identify airborne pollutants like lead and arsenic
- Studying the elemental composition of environmental samples for pollution assessment
- Analysing trace element evidence on bullets, casings, and other crime scene materials
- Identifying the elemental composition of paint chips and fibers for forensic linking
- Examining the elemental fingerprint of glass fragments for origin determination
- Identifying pigments used in paintings and artifacts for authenticity verification
- Analysing the elemental composition of historical materials for conservation purposes
- Studying the degradation mechanisms of cultural heritage objects through elemental profiling
- Detecting elemental impurities in drugs and pharmaceutical ingredients
- Ensuring the elemental composition of drug formulations meets quality standards
- Analysing the elemental fingerprint of medical devices for biocompatibility assessment
- Analysing the elemental composition of food products for nutritional content
- Detecting and quantifying heavy metal contaminants in food and beverages
- Verifying the elemental fingerprint of food products for geographical authentication
- Identifying harmful elements like lead in toys and other children’s products
- Analysing the elemental composition of consumer goods for regulatory compliance
- Ensuring the safety of consumer products by detecting hazardous elements through XRF
- Analysing the elemental composition of crude oil and refined fuels
- Monitoring corrosion in pipelines and storage tanks through elemental profiling
- Identifying trace elements impacting the performance and quality of fuels
- Analysing the elemental composition of soil for nutrient deficiencies
- Studying the uptake and distribution of elements in plant tissues
- Identifying elemental imbalances affecting plant growth and development
Advantages
- Non-Destructive analysis
- Analyse both Solid and liquid materials
- Multi-elemental Capability
- Minimal Sample preparation
Sample Requirement
- Solid Sample –2 gm
- Liquid Sample – 2 ml
- Particle Size (Solids)- 75 micro meters (µm)
- Moisture Content – Dry completely before analysis
- Solid Sample –2 gm
- Chemical Homogeneity – Chemically homogenous for accurate quantification